Copy for Originals · Google Ads for law firms · Guide + original research

Law firm Google Ads budget guidelines

These law firm Google Ads budget guidelines set the budget from the firm’s own cost per lead instead of a round number: spend at least 3 × the expected cost per lead a month on each campaign, set the daily budget at the monthly figure ÷ 30.4, and cap the budget by what a signed case is worth. They combine Google’s published budget rules with what 24 law firm owners said they spend on Google Ads in r/LawFirm threads from 2023 to 2026.

Educational only, not legal advice. Owner figures are self-reported on one forum and are small samples. Google’s rules are quoted from its help pages as read on October 13, 2026. Copy for Originals is a Google Ads consultant, so we have a stake in what firms spend; that is why owner reports and agency advice are kept apart on this page.

3 ×cost per lead: the minimum monthly budget for one campaign
$5,000median monthly Google Ads budget (24 owners)
$433–$30,000range of monthly budgets owners reported
16 of 24owners said the spend worked

What are the budget guidelines for law firm Google Ads?

The 10 budget guidelines for law firm Google Ads below set the budget from the firm’s own cost per lead and cost per signed case. They come from Google’s published budget rules and from what 24 law firm owners reported spending.

  1. Start from cost per lead, not a round number. Cost per lead = cost per click ÷ conversion rate, both taken from the firm’s own account or from Keyword Planner. More
  2. Spend at least 3 × cost per lead a month on each campaign. Below that, a month with zero leads can’t be told apart from bad luck. More
  3. Match the budget to what clicks cost in the firm’s practice area and city. Four owners reported success on $1,000 a month or less, none of them in personal injury; personal injury advice started at $3,000 and centered on $10,000. More
  4. Set the daily budget at the monthly budget ÷ 30.4. Expect days at up to twice the daily figure and a month capped at 30.4 × it. More
  5. Know what the bid strategy does with the budget. Maximize conversions spends all of it; Target CPA needs room above the average daily spend. More
  6. Fund one practice area fully before adding a second. Each campaign needs its own 3 × cost per lead. More
  7. Cap the budget by cost per signed case. Cost per signed case = cost per lead ÷ share of leads that sign, compared with the average fee. More
  8. Judge at the checkpoint, not by the week. Wait for 3 × cost per lead in spend, or 30 leads, before deciding. More
  9. Raise in steps while cost per signed case holds and intake has room. Cut when the firm is full or when pausing changes nothing. More
  10. Keep the agency fee out of the ad budget. Count both when working out cost per signed case. More

How much should a law firm spend on Google Ads?

A law firm should spend at least 3 × its expected cost per lead a month on each Google Ads campaign, where expected cost per lead = cost per click ÷ conversion rate. At $20 a click and a 5% conversion rate, a lead costs $400 and the minimum is $1,200 a month. At $200 a click, a lead costs $4,000 and the minimum is $12,000 a month.

Three times the cost per lead is the PPC Gumball Rule checkpoint from Copy for Originals: a campaign that has spent that much with zero leads has about a 5% chance of being merely unlucky, so the firm can tell a broken campaign from a slow month. Below that amount, a month with no leads tells the firm nothing.

Minimum monthly Google Ads budget for one law firm campaign (3 × cost per click ÷ conversion rate)
Cost per click3% of clicks become leads5% become leads10% become leads
$5$500$300$150
$10$1,000$600$300
$25$2,500$1,500$750
$50$5,000$3,000$1,500
$100$10,000$6,000$3,000
$200$20,000$12,000$6,000
$300$30,000$18,000$9,000
$500$50,000$30,000$15,000

Use the firm’s own numbers. Cost per click is the Avg. CPC column in the Campaigns table; for a new account, use Keyword Planner’s “Top of page bid (high range)” for the keywords the firm will bid on. Conversion rate is the share of ad clicks that call or send a form. The minimum buys a verdict, not a caseload: to plan for a number of cases, use the calculator below.

How much do law firms actually spend on Google Ads each month?

Law firm owners on r/LawFirm reported spending $433 to $30,000 a month on Google Ads, with a median of $5,000 (24 owners, highest monthly figure each owner gave). Six spent $1,200 or less, nine spent $2,000 to $5,000, seven spent $6,000 to $12,000, and two spent $20,000 or more.

Sixteen of the 24 owners said the spend worked or paid for itself, two said that stopping made no difference, and six gave no verdict. People who post about their ad spend are not a random sample of law firms, so read the table as what real firms paid, not as a market rate.

Monthly Google Ads budgets law firm owners reported for their own firms, r/LawFirm 2023–2026 (Copy for Originals; one row per owner)
Monthly ad budgetPracticeFirm or marketOwner’s verdictWhat the owner reported
$433Estate planningSmall market, about 250,000 peopleWorked$100 a week. Says the return is well worth it: about $4,000 in fees from the first $400 spent.
$500Not statedNot statedWorkedCaps spend at $500 a month and gets more leads than they can handle; says many of the leads are poor.
$608Criminal defenseA city where few criminal lawyers advertiseWorked$20 a day. Reports 5 to 10 leads and intakes a week since opening, most of them through the Google Business Profile.
$1,000Not statedNot statedWorkedSays pay-per-click does well for the firm.
$1,000Estate planning and probateNot statedNo verdictAds had just started; too early to tell.
$1,200Family law, some criminalNot a metro areaNo verdict$1,200 of a $1,500 monthly marketing budget; the rest is a billboard. Gave no verdict on the ads.
$500 to $2,000Employment, employee sideMedium-sized city an hour from a large metroWorkedStarted at $500, raised to the $2,000 Google recommended, then cut to about $1,000 because of too many leads. Two contingency cases in the first months brought in more than the annual ad budget.
$3,000Not statedOwner and one associateWorked$3,000 in a month fills the owner’s and the associate’s workload.
$3,040Family law and criminal defenseSoloWorked$100 a day. Reports some success; some days end with $50 unspent.
$3,500Estate planningFlorida, medium-sized marketsWorkedRan pay-per-click for about two years, then stopped because of too much business. Says SEO later returned more.
$4,500Not statedNot statedNo verdict$4,000 to $5,000 a month. Gave no verdict.
$5,000Real estate and business litigationA big, very expensive cityNo verdict$4,000 to $6,000 a month after moving from Local Services Ads to Google Ads only. Gave no verdict on the ads.
$5,000Several practice areasSolo at the timeMade no differenceCut pay-per-click to nothing from 2020 and saw no noticeable difference in the bottom line.
$5,000Personal injuryNot statedNo verdictAbout $60,000 a year. Gave no verdict; in another thread advised $10,000 a month as the minimum for injury firms.
$5,000Not statedNot statedMade no differenceStopped and barely saw a difference; most calls still came from referrals and the website.
$3,000 to $6,000Commercial and civil litigationToronto, CanadaWorkedAbout one case a month, and uneven: a $3,000 month brought two big cases, a $6,000 month brought none. Later raised from $3,000 to $5,000; the ads bring most of the firm’s cases.
$6,000Not statedNot statedWorked$6,000 a month on ads next to $4,000 on SEO; says the two together are what works.
$6,667Not statedNot statedWorkedAbout $80,000 a year on pay-per-click against almost $600,000 in revenue.
$4,000 to $10,450Family lawSolo, high cost of living areaWorkedRaised month by month from $4,000 in February 2025 to $10,450 in May; $7,000 to $8,000 a month in early 2026. About one retained client per $1,000 of ad spend.
$5,800 to $11,000Personal injury and consumerNot statedWorked$5,800 in the first month brought $17,000 in revenue; raised to $11,000 the next month.
$10,000 to $12,000TransactionalNot statedWorkedAbout $10,000 a month brings in $20,000 to $30,000 of new business a month.
$12,000Not statedNot statedNo verdictAbout $12,000 of pay-per-click inside $20,000 a month paid to a full-service marketing firm. Gave no verdict.
$20,000Family and criminal8 attorneys, MidwestWorkedMore demand than the attorneys can keep up with.
$5,000 to $30,000TrademarkBrooklyn, New YorkWorked$30,000 a month at the peak, cut to $5,000, then turned off because the firm was too busy.

Where an owner gave more than one figure, the row shows the lowest and highest month. Daily, weekly and yearly figures were converted to a month (a day × 30.4, a week × 52 ÷ 12, a year ÷ 12). Ad budgets exclude agency fees. The last column is our summary of the owner’s posts, not a quotation.

Is $500 or $1,000 a month enough for law firm Google Ads?

It is enough where clicks are cheap and not where they are expensive. Six of the 24 owners spent $1,200 a month or less, and four of the six said it worked, including an estate planning lawyer in a market of about 250,000 people and a criminal defense lawyer in a city where few criminal lawyers advertise. None of the six was a personal injury firm.

The arithmetic explains the split. At a 5% conversion rate, $1,000 buys 100 clicks at $10 a click, and the chance of a month with zero leads is about 1%. At $200 a click, the same $1,000 buys 5 clicks, and the chance of zero leads is 77%.

What a monthly Google Ads budget buys at a 5% conversion rate: clicks, expected leads, and the chance of a month with zero leads
Monthly budgetAt $10 a clickAt $50 a clickAt $200 a click
$50050 clicks, 2.5 leads, 8%10 clicks, 0.5 leads, 60%2.5 clicks, 0.1 leads, 88%
$1,000100 clicks, 5.0 leads, 1%20 clicks, 1.0 leads, 36%5 clicks, 0.2 leads, 77%
$2,000200 clicks, 10.0 leads, under 1%40 clicks, 2.0 leads, 13%10 clicks, 0.5 leads, 60%
$5,000500 clicks, 25.0 leads, under 1%100 clicks, 5.0 leads, 1%25 clicks, 1.2 leads, 28%
$10,0001,000 clicks, 50.0 leads, under 1%200 clicks, 10.0 leads, under 1%50 clicks, 2.5 leads, 8%

The chance of zero leads is (1 − conversion rate) raised to the number of clicks. A firm with a small budget and expensive clicks has two honest choices: narrow to cheaper ground (one practice area, a smaller service area, longer and more specific keywords) or spend the money elsewhere until the budget reaches the minimum. The Local Services Ads vs Google Ads guide covers the pay-per-lead alternative.

What Google Ads budgets are law firms told they need?

Budget advice given to law firms on r/LawFirm follows the cost of a click. For personal injury, 10 people recommended minimums from $3,000 to more than $25,000 a month, and $10,000 was the middle answer. For every other practice area together, 16 recommendations ran from $2 a day to $10,000, and most started between $500 and $5,000 a month.

Google Ads budget recommendations made to law firms on r/LawFirm, 2023–2026 (Copy for Originals; 26 recommendations)
Practice areaRecommendationsLowestHighestWho gave them
Personal injury10$3,000 to $5,000 a month, as a testMore than $25,000 a month6 agencies or marketers, 4 commenters with no stated role
Employment5$2 a day, at minimum bids$5,000 a month2 agencies, 2 commenters
Criminal defense2$3,000 to $5,000 a month in a competitive market$5,000 to $10,000, as a test2 agencies
Family law2$1,500 to $2,000 a month in a metro$5,000 to $8,000 a monthA family law owner and a commenter
Immigration1At least $1,000 a monthAt least $1,000 a monthA commenter
Other (lemon law, corporate)2$500 to $1,000 a month, as a test$100 a dayAn agency and a commenter
Not stated4$500 a month, as a feeler$800 to $1,500 a month2 agencies

Most of this advice came from agencies and marketers, who earn more when budgets are bigger, so we kept it apart from what owners reported spending. One commenter put the personal injury floor bluntly: “Anything less than 10k on Google for PI is a waste of time.” The formula lands in the same place by a different road. At the $200 a click that personal injury posters reported and a 5% conversion rate, 3 × cost per lead is $12,000 a month. The personal injury Google Ads budget guide has the full table for injury firms.

What do law firm clicks cost on Google Ads?

Law firm clicks cost whatever the firm’s own keywords and city cost, and that is often many times the published average. On r/LawFirm, personal injury clicks were reported at $50 to $900 each in 16 reports, 11 of which started at $200 or more. LocaliQ’s median for personal injury campaigns was $9.30.

Law firm cost per click reported on r/LawFirm (2023–2026) next to LocaliQ’s medians by practice area (April 2022 – March 2023)
Practice areaClick cost reported on r/LawFirmLocaliQ median cost per clickLocaliQ median conversion rateLocaliQ median cost per lead3 × LocaliQ cost per lead
Personal injury$50 to $900 a click (16 reports; 11 started at $200 or more)$9.305.45%$159.17$478
Criminal defense$100 to $400 (1 report, from an agency)$12.309.90%$101.49$304
Family law$3.40 to $8 (3 reports); one agency said $50 to $150$7.698.52%$103.54$311
Estate and probate$2 to $5 in rural areas and small towns (1 report)$7.929.65%$72.24$217
BankruptcyNone$11.7013.56%$82.27$247
TaxNone$11.8213.30%$120.30$361
General practiceNone$9.975.52%$96.54$290

The two columns measure different things. LocaliQ’s figures are medians across every keyword in 256 US campaigns, cheap searches included. The forum figures are what people said the contested keywords cost in their own markets, and almost all of them came from agencies, marketers or commenters with no stated role: of the 16 personal injury reports, 10 came from agencies or marketers, 4 from commenters, and 2 from posts that read like seeded promotion, which we did not count as owners. By LocaliQ’s median, the 3 × floor for a personal injury campaign would be $478 a month. Nobody on the forum recommended less than $3,000. Plan with the firm’s own cost per click and use averages only to compare practice areas.

Owners who gave a cost per lead from Google Search ads reported $80 for criminal defense (mostly people looking for free advice), $300 to $1,000 for family law, and $500 for litigation.

What daily budget should a law firm set in Google Ads?

A law firm should set the Google Ads average daily budget at its monthly budget ÷ 30.4, and expect single days to cost up to twice that. A $3,000 monthly budget is $98.68 a day. Google can spend up to $197.37 on a busy day, and no more than 30.4 × the daily budget in a month.

Google’s budget rules, in Google’s words, and what each means for a law firm (Google Ads Help, read October 13, 2026)
RuleGoogle’s wordingWhat it means for the firm
Monthly to daily“If you're working with a monthly budget, divide that number by 30.4.”Decide the monthly figure first, then divide.
Busy days“On a given day, your campaign might spend up to twice your average daily budget to take advantage of fluctuations of traffic.”A day at double the budget is normal, not a billing error.
Monthly cap“At the end of the month, you will have spent no more than 30.4 times your average daily budget.”The month is capped even when days are not.
Limited by budget“The campaign is active and can show ads, but not as often as it could due to budget constraints.”The ads stop showing for part of the day. On a small budget this is expected.
Maximize conversions“Maximize conversions will try to fully spend your average daily budget, so if you’re currently spending much less than your budget, Maximize conversions could increase spend significantly.”With this bid strategy, the budget is the spend. Set a number the firm is willing to see spent in full.
Judging Target CPA“For evaluation, we recommend you measure performance for the last 30 days, including at least 30 conversions.”At 10 leads a month, that yardstick takes three months, not one.

Spending less than the daily budget is normal too. One solo owner with a $100 daily budget said some days end with $50 unspent.

How does the bid strategy change a law firm’s Google Ads budget?

The bid strategy decides whether the budget is a ceiling or a target. Maximize conversions is built to spend the whole daily budget, so the budget sets the spend. Target CPA aims for a cost per lead, so it may spend less than the budget, and Google recommends leaving room above the average daily spend.

Google changed how this works on August 17, 2026, and finished the rollout on August 27. Campaigns that are limited by budget and use Target CPA now deliver closer to the target the advertiser typed in. Google’s example: “If your campaign's Target CPA is $10 USD, but your recent actual CPA performance is $5 USD, your campaign now delivers more closely to a $10 USD actual CPA.” Google also says it “won't automatically adjust your bidding targets or budgets.”

For a law firm that means two things. Set the target cost per lead at what the firm actually wants to pay, not at a loose number the campaign used to beat. And if the budget is fixed, Google’s own advice is to “maintain a daily budget that is comfortably higher than your average daily spend,” or to switch to Maximize conversions and accept that cost per lead will move when the budget moves.

A new campaign has no cost per lead to aim at. Start on Maximize conversions, and add a target once the campaign has about 30 leads, as the law firm Google Ads FAQ explains. The Lead Gen Search Campaign Checklist asks for a daily budget of 3 × the target CPA before Target CPA goes on; a firm that can’t afford that should stay on Maximize conversions with one tight campaign.

Should a law firm split its Google Ads budget across practice areas?

A law firm should split its Google Ads budget across practice areas only when each campaign clears its own minimum of 3 × cost per lead a month. A $3,000 budget split evenly across three practice areas with a $500 cost per lead gives each campaign two leads a month on average, below the three-lead checkpoint, and the chance that any one campaign gets none is about 13% a month.

Fund one practice area fully before adding a second. Pick the one where a signed case is worth the most against what a lead costs, and add the next campaign when the budget covers another 3 × cost per lead. Two owners described the same lesson from the keyword side: a criminal defense lawyer kept the practice “strictly focused on criminal defence,” and a commercial litigation lawyer found “civil litigation” too broad and bid only on “commercial litigation” and similar terms.

When several campaigns are already running on a small total, Google suggests pooling them: “you can consolidate your campaigns under Portfolio Bidding or Shared Budgets to make better use of your limited budgets.”

What is the most a law firm should spend on Google Ads?

The ceiling on a law firm’s Google Ads budget is set by cost per signed case, not by a share of revenue. Cost per signed case = cost per lead ÷ the share of leads that sign. Decide what share of an average fee the firm will pay to win a case, and keep raising the budget only while the cost per signed case stays under it.

Owners who reported a cost per signed case from Google Ads gave three figures. A family law solo reported about one retained client per $1,000 of ad spend against an average case value of $7,792. A business litigation owner reported $5,000 to $6,000 a case against an estimated $20,000 to $30,000 in revenue, and later put ad cost at about 25% of revenue. A personal injury owner stopped when pay-per-click passed $3,000 a signed case: still profitable, the owner said, but not worth the time spent sorting through junk leads.

To budget for a number of cases, multiply: cases wanted × cost per lead ÷ share of leads that sign. Five cases a month at a $500 cost per lead and one lead in four signing is 5 × $500 ÷ 0.25 = $10,000 a month. Track signed cases, not leads; the guide to tracking signed cases back to Google Ads shows how.

How long should a law firm wait before changing its Google Ads budget?

A law firm should wait until the campaign has spent 3 × its expected cost per lead before judging it, however many days that takes. Zero leads at 2 × is a yellow light: check tracking and search terms. Zero leads at 3 × means something is probably broken, and raising the budget will not fix it.

When leads are coming in, judge cost per lead over at least 30 of them where the firm can, which is the yardstick Google gives for Target CPA. After a budget increase, Google’s advice is to “wait 1 to 2 conversion cycles to evaluate the campaign's performance.” A conversion cycle is the time from a click to the conversion the campaign counts. For a firm that imports signed cases, that can mean weeks.

Single months mislead. The litigation owner in the table above spent about $3,000 one month and signed two large cases, then spent $6,000 another month and signed none. If a campaign reaches the checkpoint with nothing to show, the PPC Troubleshooter walks through the causes in order.

When should a law firm raise or cut its Google Ads budget?

A law firm should raise its Google Ads budget when three things are true: cost per signed case is under the firm’s ceiling, the campaign is limited by budget, and intake can handle more leads. It should cut the budget when cost per signed case is over the ceiling after the checkpoint, or when the firm is full.

Capacity came up more often than cost among the owners who changed their budgets. Three cut or stopped because they had too much work, and an office manager at an eight-attorney firm said they needed more attorneys to keep up. One of the three put the tradeoff this way: when the work is more than the firm can handle, wean off the ads “rather than hiring new associate attorneys.”

Raise in steps the firm can read. A family law solo went from $4,000 to $5,302 to $7,500 to $10,450 over four months, watching collections each month. Two owners went the other way: they stopped spending about $5,000 a month and saw no difference, which is its own test. If pausing for a month changes nothing, the campaign was not bringing the cases.

Does a law firm’s Google Ads budget include the agency’s fee?

No. The Google Ads budget is what the firm pays Google for clicks, and an agency’s management fee comes on top. Owners on r/LawFirm reported management fees of $500 to $2,500 a month with a median of $1,175, and one family law solo paid 20% of ad spend, which was $800 on a $4,000 budget.

On a small budget the fee can be a large share of the total. A $1,000 fee on a $2,000 ad budget means a third of the marketing money never reaches Google, so count both when working out cost per signed case. The fee figures come from How much do legal marketing agencies charge?, and the law firm Google Ads agency scorecard lists what to check before paying one.

Law firm Google Ads budget calculator

The law firm Google Ads budget calculator turns a cost per click and a conversion rate into a minimum monthly budget and a daily budget, and shows what a budget you have in mind would buy. Enter your own numbers; nothing you type leaves the page.

Enter a cost per click and a conversion rate.

Worked example, with made-up numbers. At $40 a click and an 8% conversion rate, the expected cost per lead is $500 and the minimum budget is $1,500 a month, or $49.34 a day, with single days up to $98.68. A $1,000 budget is below the minimum: it buys about 25 clicks and 2 leads a month, the chance of a month with zero leads is 12%, and 30 leads take about 15 months. If 25% of leads sign, a signed case costs $2,000 in ad spend, which is 33% of a $6,000 fee.

The formulas the calculator uses: cost per lead = cost per click ÷ conversion rate. Minimum monthly budget = 3 × cost per lead. Daily budget = monthly budget ÷ 30.4, and the largest single day = 2 × the daily budget. Clicks = budget ÷ cost per click. Expected leads = clicks × conversion rate. Chance of zero leads = (1 − conversion rate) raised to the number of clicks. Cost per signed case = cost per lead ÷ share of leads that sign.

What else do law firms ask about Google Ads budgets?

How much should a solo or small law firm spend on Google Ads?

A solo or small law firm should spend at least 3 × its expected cost per lead a month on one campaign for one practice area. The five owners on r/LawFirm who said they were solo or ran a small firm reported $3,000 to $20,000 a month. Smaller budgets worked for some: four owners reported success on $1,000 a month or less, two of them in markets with little ad competition.

How much should a personal injury law firm budget for Google Ads?

A personal injury firm should budget at least 3 × its expected cost per lead a month, which at $200 a click and a 5% conversion rate is $12,000. On r/LawFirm, 10 people recommended personal injury minimums from $3,000 to more than $25,000 a month, with $10,000 the middle answer.

Why did Google Ads spend more than my daily budget?

Because Google treats the daily budget as an average. Google’s help page says a campaign “might spend up to twice your average daily budget” on a given day, and that over the month it will spend no more than 30.4 times the daily budget.

What percentage of revenue should a law firm spend on Google Ads?

No fixed percentage fits every firm, and we found no survey of law firm Google Ads spending as a share of revenue that we could verify. Work from cost per signed case instead: decide what share of an average fee the firm will pay to win a case. One litigation owner on r/LawFirm put ad cost at about 25% of revenue and compared it to the third of billings that large firms pay an originating partner.

Is a small budget better spent on Local Services Ads than on Google Ads?

Sometimes. Local Services Ads charge per lead instead of per click, so a small budget buys a known number of leads, but owners report paying for leads outside their practice area. Six owners in these threads gave their own Local Services Ads spend, from about $2,000 to about $23,000 a month.

Change under way, checked October 13, 2026. Google is phasing out the separate Local Services Ads platform. Existing campaigns are being moved automatically into Google Ads as “Performance Max campaigns with pay-per-lead goals.” Google’s schedule puts professional services in late 2026 on one page and 2027 on another, and does not name lawyers. Firms still pay per valid lead, and the ads still show only on Google Search and Maps. See what changes for law firms.

Limitations

How these figures were collected

We read r/LawFirm through the Arctic Shift Reddit archive. Every post from October 1, 2023 to October 13, 2026 was listed (12,162 posts) and filtered for paid search, ad budget and lead cost language, which matched 317. Of those, 162 were already among the 312 threads coded for the agency scorecard and the agency pricing study; 102 of the rest had comments and either named paid search in the post or had five or more comments. That made 414 threads read with all their comments.

In those threads, 450 posts and comments in 193 threads contained a dollar figure next to paid search language. Each was coded against a written codebook into 278 figures from 133 people in 106 threads: ad spend, budget advice, budget quotes, cost per click, cost per lead and cost per signed case. Each figure was tagged by speaker: a law firm owner, lawyer or staff member describing their own firm (105 figures); an agency, marketer or anyone describing clients (120); or anyone else (53). Only owner figures about Google Ads or pay-per-click that the owner had actually spent went into the budget table: 49 figures from 24 owners in 32 threads. Coding was done with AI assistance, and every coded figure had to match the source text word for word in an automated check. We then re-read each owner row against its source and moved two posts from “owner” to “suspected promotion.”

Limits of the method: one subreddit; comments were read only in threads whose post matched the filter or that were in the earlier studies, so budget figures mentioned in passing elsewhere were missed; and deciding who is an owner rests on what people say about themselves. The data is open (CC BY 4.0) with thread IDs and no usernames.

Sources

Each source was read on October 13, 2026.

Change log: version 1, October 13, 2026, first publication.